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Panama disease
Panama disease is a plant disease of the roots of banana plants. It is a type of Fusarium wilt, caused by the fungal pathogen ''Fusarium oxysporum''. The pathogen is resistant to fungicide and cannot be controlled chemically.
In the 1950s, Panama disease wiped out (except in Asia) the Gros Michel banana, the dominant cultivar of bananas, inflicting enormous costs and forcing producers to switch to other, disease-resistant cultivars. However, new strains of Panama disease threaten the production of today's most popular cultivar, Cavendish.
== Susceptibility ==
The fungus causes significant damage to banana crops due to its virulence, as well as the identical genetic composition of modern banana crops. Modern breeds of bananas cannot reproduce sexually because they have no seeds and the male flowers do not produce viable pollen. New banana plants develop through asexual reproduction: after the fruiting stem has matured, fruited, and been cut down, the base of the plant produces suckers, which can be cut off and planted elsewhere. This is like taking a cutting from a rose bush; the cuttings have to be moved and planted by humans. As a result, these banana plants are nearly identical genetically, thus have the same susceptibility to the same diseases. Once a pathogen overcomes the plant's defenses, it can quickly infect the whole cultivated area. That happened to the Gros Michel banana. Over several decades, the fungus spread from Panama to neighboring countries, moving north through Costa Rica to Guatemala and south into Colombia and Ecuador. By 1960, 50 years after the disease was discovered, the Gros Michel banana was, in effect, wiped out.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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